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{121}NCIS (1993a) An Outline Assessment of the Threat and Impact by Organised/Enterprise Crime Upon United Kingdom Interests. London: NCIS; NCIS (1993b) Organised Crime Conference: A Threat Assessment. London: NCIS.

{122}Kirby, T.(1993)‘Russian gangs pose threat to British cities’, The Independent,25 May.

{123} Sterling, C.(1994) Thieves’ World. London: Simon & Schuster.

{124}Cited in Woodiwiss & Hobbs (2009), op cit.

{125}Raine, L.& Cilluffo, F.(eds.)(1994) Global Organized Crime: The New Empire of Evil, Washington DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, p.ix.

{126}Raine & Cillufo (1994) op cit., p.135.

{127}Woodiwiss (2003) op cit.

{128}Edwards, A.& Gill, P.(eds.)(2003) Transnational Organised Crime: Perspectives on Global Security, London: Routledge; van Duyne (2011) op cit.

{129}Woodiwiss & Hobbs (2009) op cit., p.117.

{130}Zaluar, A.(2001)‘Violence in Rio de Janeiro’, International Social Science Journal,53,369–378.

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{137}Smith, D.(1975) The Mafia Mystique. New York: Basic Books.

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{148}Garland, D.(1996)‘The Limits of the Sovereign State: Strategies of Crime Control in Contemporary Society', British Journal of Criminology 36(4),445-71.

【作者简介】英国埃塞克斯大学、澳大利亚西悉尼大学社会学教授；英国蒂赛德大学犯罪学系教授；华东政法大学博士研究生；华东政法大学硕士研究生

【文章来源】《青少年犯罪问题》2014年第1期